The most basic of airway skill is knowing how to open the airway. Sick patients may be breathing spontaneously, but be unable to maintain an open airway, leading to hypoxia. Hypoxia can easily lead to bradycardia and cardiac arrest, especially in children. Mastering basic airway management skills is essential to avoid serious complications.
Opening The Airway Technique
We’re all familiar with the 3 main ways to open the airway.
Head Tilt
Tilting the head back tends to allow the larynx to rise away from the posterior pharyngeal structures, opening the airway.
Tilting the head back, one of the easiest methods of opening an airway, often works without any additional maneuvers.
Jaw Thrust
To use the jaw thrust maneuver , grip the angles of the mandible with both hands to pull the jaw forward. This motion frequently pulls the head into extension. If you’re using cervical precautions because of potential cervical spine injury, pull upward only on the jaw, keep the head and neck stable. Pressing on the bone 1-2 cm above the angle of the jaw and below the ear is painful and may help rouse a sedated patient enough to breathe on their own.
Lifting the jaw by pulling it forward, even with a neutral neck position, will open the airway.
Triple Airway Maneuver
The triple airway maneuver combines the previous techniques. Tilt the head into extension and lift the angles of the jaw. Use your thumbs to pull the mouth open.
The triple airway maneuver, both tilting the head back and sliding the lower jaw forward is most effective.
While it’s easy to pull the mandible upward by placing your thumb in the patient’s mouth to grip the chin, I don’t recommend it because it’s potentially dangerous — the patient may bite you.
Why Does Tilting The Neck Open The Airway?
The larynx and surrounding structures will move when you move the head and neck and manipalute the surrounding structures. Look at the following Xrays to see why knowledge of the laryngeal anatomy makes it easier for you to open an airway.
Head and Neck Neutral
Look at the lateral Xray with the head in neutral position. The outline of the epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage are easily identified. The relationship of the larynx immediately in front of the esophagus explains why aspiration can easily occur and is always a risk
Xray of neck in neutral position. Note how close the trachea and esophagus are. This image shows how the epiglottis works like a trap door to open and close the larynx.
Head and Neck Fully Flexed
Now lets look at a lateral Xray of the neck flexed fully forward. When the head is flexed forward, the structures in the posterior pharynx and the tongue tend to obstruct the airway and close the larynx. You can test this by flexing your head forward as far onto your chest as you can. It becomes much harder to take a breath.
With the head flexed fully forward onto the chest, the airway is almost fully obstructed. Visualization of the larynx would be impossible.
Head and Neck Fully Extended
Tilt your head back as far as you can. Your airway is now wide open. When we run up a flight of stairs and get out of breath, we tend to tilt our heads back and slightly forward to maximize airway patency and decrease airway resistence. This position is known as the sniffing position.
Now look at at the Xray to see what happens to the airway when the head is tilted backwards.
Lateral Xray of the neck in full extension showing how the relationship of the larynx changes with respect to the rest of the neck structures.
Don’t Forget Cervical Spine Precautions
Caution: If you are using cervical spine precautions you should NOT tilt the head back. Tilting the head back with possible cervical spine injury could potentially injure the spinal cord. Maintain a neutral position in this situation and rely on jaw thrust.
It helps to know the anatomy and how your manipulations manipulate that anatomy in order to optimize your ability to manage the airway. Think of that anatomy the next time you open the airway.
For more information on opening an airway and on mask ventilation check out:
Airway Emergency: Start With The Basics of Airway Management
May The Force Be With You
Christine E. Whitten MD
author: Anyone Can Intubate: A Step by Step Guide
and
Pediatric Airway Management: A Step By Step Guide
Click on the images to preview my books at amazon.com
